diff --git a/server/src/chat/transport/discord/commands.rs b/server/src/chat/transport/discord/commands.rs
index 0b2d4d41..dc5a3d0a 100644
--- a/server/src/chat/transport/discord/commands.rs
+++ b/server/src/chat/transport/discord/commands.rs
@@ -300,6 +300,20 @@ pub(super) async fn handle_incoming_message(
     handle_llm_message(ctx, channel, user, message).await;
 }
 
+/// Build the prompt for a Discord LLM turn, prepending any pending
+/// CRDT pipeline-transition events as a `<system-reminder>` block.
+fn build_discord_llm_prompt(
+    session_id: &str,
+    bot_name: &str,
+    user: &str,
+    user_message: &str,
+) -> String {
+    let event_ctx = crate::llm_session::assemble_prompt_context(session_id);
+    format!(
+        "{event_ctx}[Your name is {bot_name}. Refer to yourself as {bot_name}, not Claude.]\n\n{user}: {user_message}"
+    )
+}
+
 /// Forward a message to Claude Code and send the response back via Discord.
 async fn handle_llm_message(ctx: &DiscordContext, channel: &str, user: &str, user_message: &str) {
     use crate::chat::util::drain_complete_paragraphs;
@@ -314,8 +328,11 @@ async fn handle_llm_message(ctx: &DiscordContext, channel: &str, user: &str, use
     };
 
     let bot_name = &ctx.services.bot_name;
-    let prompt = format!(
-        "[Your name is {bot_name}. Refer to yourself as {bot_name}, not Claude.]\n\n{user}: {user_message}"
+    let prompt = build_discord_llm_prompt(
+        resume_session_id.as_deref().unwrap_or(channel),
+        bot_name,
+        user,
+        user_message,
     );
 
     let provider = ClaudeCodeProvider::new();
@@ -604,4 +621,40 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(conv.session_id.is_none(), "session_id should be cleared");
         assert!(conv.entries.is_empty(), "entries should be cleared");
     }
+
+    /// AC 4: fire a `TransitionFired` event, simulate a Discord user turn, and
+    /// assert the assembled prompt contains the event (end-to-end non-Matrix test).
+    #[test]
+    fn discord_prompt_includes_transition_event() {
+        use crate::pipeline_state::{PipelineEvent, PlanState, Stage, StoryId, TransitionFired};
+        crate::crdt_state::init_for_test();
+
+        crate::event_log::log_transition_event(&TransitionFired {
+            story_id: StoryId("77_discord_test".to_string()),
+            before: Stage::Backlog,
+            after: Stage::Coding {
+                claim: None,
+                plan: PlanState::Missing,
+                retries: 0,
+            },
+            event: PipelineEvent::DepsMet,
+            at: chrono::Utc::now(),
+        });
+
+        let prompt =
+            build_discord_llm_prompt("discord-ch-test", "Timmy", "@alice", "what is the status?");
+
+        assert!(
+            prompt.contains("<system-reminder>"),
+            "assembled prompt must include system-reminder block; got: {prompt}"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            prompt.contains("77_discord_test"),
+            "assembled prompt must contain story id; got: {prompt}"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            prompt.contains("what is the status?"),
+            "assembled prompt must contain user message; got: {prompt}"
+        );
+    }
 }
diff --git a/server/src/chat/transport/matrix/bot/context.rs b/server/src/chat/transport/matrix/bot/context.rs
index f26ee918..29822293 100644
--- a/server/src/chat/transport/matrix/bot/context.rs
+++ b/server/src/chat/transport/matrix/bot/context.rs
@@ -97,20 +97,6 @@ pub struct BotContext {
     /// The `new project` command writes here so HTTP handlers see the new entry
     /// immediately without requiring a gateway restart.  `None` in standalone mode.
     pub gateway_projects_store: Option<Arc<RwLock<BTreeMap<String, ProjectEntry>>>>,
-    /// Pipeline transition events buffered since the last LLM turn.
-    ///
-    /// A background task appends one compact audit line per real stage
-    /// transition.  `handle_message` drains this buffer and injects it as a
-    /// `<system-reminder>` block at the head of the next user prompt so Timmy
-    /// sees pipeline activity without requiring a separate message.
-    pub pending_pipeline_events: Arc<TokioMutex<Vec<String>>>,
-    /// Gateway aggregate transition events buffered since the last LLM turn.
-    ///
-    /// In gateway mode a background task appends one compact audit line per
-    /// `GatewayStatusEvent` received from the gateway broadcaster.  Drained
-    /// alongside `pending_pipeline_events` on each user message.  Always
-    /// empty in standalone (non-gateway) mode.
-    pub pending_gateway_events: Arc<TokioMutex<Vec<String>>>,
     /// Bounded FIFO set of already-handled incoming event IDs.
     ///
     /// The Matrix sync loop can replay events on reconnect. This set ensures
@@ -302,8 +288,6 @@ mod tests {
             gateway_active_project,
             gateway_project_urls,
             gateway_projects_store: None,
-            pending_pipeline_events: Arc::new(TokioMutex::new(Vec::new())),
-            pending_gateway_events: Arc::new(TokioMutex::new(Vec::new())),
             handled_incoming_event_ids: Arc::new(TokioMutex::new(SeenEventIds::new(
                 SEEN_EVENT_IDS_CAP,
             ))),
diff --git a/server/src/chat/transport/matrix/bot/messages/handle_message.rs b/server/src/chat/transport/matrix/bot/messages/handle_message.rs
index 0010d83b..c04d8514 100644
--- a/server/src/chat/transport/matrix/bot/messages/handle_message.rs
+++ b/server/src/chat/transport/matrix/bot/messages/handle_message.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use super::super::context::BotContext;
 use super::super::format::markdown_to_html;
 use super::super::history::{ConversationEntry, ConversationRole, save_history};
 
-use super::{format_drained_events, format_user_prompt};
+use super::format_user_prompt;
 
 pub(in crate::chat::transport::matrix::bot) async fn handle_message(
     room_id_str: String,
@@ -31,29 +31,6 @@ pub(in crate::chat::transport::matrix::bot) async fn handle_message(
         guard.get(&room_id).and_then(|conv| conv.session_id.clone())
     };
 
-    // Drain pipeline and gateway transition events buffered since the last LLM
-    // turn and prepend them as a passive <system-reminder> block so Timmy sees
-    // pipeline activity without requiring a separate message.  Sled events come
-    // from `pending_pipeline_events`; gateway events from `pending_gateway_events`.
-    // In practice only one buffer is non-empty (sled mode vs gateway mode).
-    let system_reminder_prefix = {
-        let mut sled_guard = ctx.pending_pipeline_events.lock().await;
-        let mut gtw_guard = ctx.pending_gateway_events.lock().await;
-        let all_lines: Vec<String> = sled_guard.drain(..).chain(gtw_guard.drain(..)).collect();
-        drop(sled_guard);
-        drop(gtw_guard);
-        slog!(
-            "[matrix-bot] drained {} gateway audit lines for LLM context",
-            all_lines.len()
-        );
-        let prefix = format_drained_events(all_lines);
-        slog!(
-            "[matrix-bot] format_drained_events output: {} bytes",
-            prefix.len()
-        );
-        prefix
-    };
-
     // Pull new pipeline-transition events from the CRDT event log for this
     // session and atomically advance the high-water marks so the same events
     // are not re-injected on the next turn.
@@ -69,7 +46,7 @@ pub(in crate::chat::transport::matrix::bot) async fn handle_message(
         String::new()
     };
     let prompt = format!(
-        "{system_reminder_prefix}{event_log_ctx}[Your name is {bot_name}. Refer to yourself as {bot_name}, not Claude.]\n{active_project_ctx}\n{}",
+        "{event_log_ctx}[Your name is {bot_name}. Refer to yourself as {bot_name}, not Claude.]\n{active_project_ctx}\n{}",
         format_user_prompt(&sender, &user_message)
     );
 
diff --git a/server/src/chat/transport/matrix/bot/messages/mod.rs b/server/src/chat/transport/matrix/bot/messages/mod.rs
index e3509efa..a3f92049 100644
--- a/server/src/chat/transport/matrix/bot/messages/mod.rs
+++ b/server/src/chat/transport/matrix/bot/messages/mod.rs
@@ -11,27 +11,6 @@ pub(super) fn format_user_prompt(sender: &str, message: &str) -> String {
     format!("{sender}: {message}")
 }
 
-/// Drain `lines` into a `<system-reminder>` block for injection at the head of
-/// the next LLM prompt. Returns an empty string when `lines` is empty.
-///
-/// At most 20 lines are shown verbatim; excess lines are replaced with a
-/// `…and N more` indicator to keep context size bounded.
-pub(in crate::chat::transport::matrix::bot) fn format_drained_events(lines: Vec<String>) -> String {
-    if lines.is_empty() {
-        return String::new();
-    }
-    const MAX_PIPELINE_EVENTS: usize = 20;
-    let total = lines.len();
-    let shown_count = total.min(MAX_PIPELINE_EVENTS);
-    let shown = lines[..shown_count].join("\n");
-    let tail = if total > MAX_PIPELINE_EVENTS {
-        format!("\n...and {} more", total - MAX_PIPELINE_EVENTS)
-    } else {
-        String::new()
-    };
-    format!("<system-reminder>\n{shown}{tail}\n</system-reminder>\n")
-}
-
 /// Matrix event handler for room messages. Each invocation spawns an
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
@@ -72,49 +51,6 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(crate::llm::oauth::extract_login_url_from_error(err).is_none());
     }
 
-    // -- format_drained_events ----------------------------------------------
-
-    #[test]
-    fn format_drained_events_empty_returns_empty_string() {
-        assert_eq!(format_drained_events(vec![]), String::new());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn format_drained_events_wraps_in_system_reminder() {
-        let result = format_drained_events(vec!["audit ts=2026 id=1 event=x".to_string()]);
-        assert!(result.starts_with("<system-reminder>\n"), "got: {result}");
-        assert!(result.ends_with("</system-reminder>\n"), "got: {result}");
-        assert!(
-            result.contains("audit ts=2026 id=1 event=x"),
-            "got: {result}"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn format_drained_events_caps_at_20_with_overflow_indicator() {
-        let lines: Vec<String> = (0..25).map(|i| format!("line {i}")).collect();
-        let result = format_drained_events(lines);
-        assert!(result.contains("...and 5 more"), "got: {result}");
-        assert!(
-            result.contains("line 19"),
-            "last shown line missing; got: {result}"
-        );
-        assert!(
-            !result.contains("line 20"),
-            "line 21 must be hidden; got: {result}"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn format_drained_events_exactly_20_no_overflow_indicator() {
-        let lines: Vec<String> = (0..20).map(|i| format!("line {i}")).collect();
-        let result = format_drained_events(lines);
-        assert!(
-            !result.contains("...and"),
-            "must not show overflow when exactly 20; got: {result}"
-        );
-    }
-
     // -- bot_name / system prompt -------------------------------------------
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/server/src/chat/transport/matrix/bot/run.rs b/server/src/chat/transport/matrix/bot/run.rs
index 8dc3a58a..32c5253c 100644
--- a/server/src/chat/transport/matrix/bot/run.rs
+++ b/server/src/chat/transport/matrix/bot/run.rs
@@ -303,93 +303,11 @@ pub async fn run_bot(
         );
     }
 
-    // Subscribe to pipeline stage transitions and buffer compact audit lines
-    // between Timmy's turns.  Replay events (before == after stage label) are
-    // silently dropped — only real transitions are recorded.
-    let pending_pipeline_events: Arc<TokioMutex<Vec<String>>> =
-        Arc::new(TokioMutex::new(Vec::new()));
-    {
-        use crate::pipeline_state::{format_audit_entry, stage_label, subscribe_transitions};
-        let mut rx = subscribe_transitions();
-        let buf = Arc::clone(&pending_pipeline_events);
-        tokio::spawn(async move {
-            loop {
-                match rx.recv().await {
-                    Ok(fired) => {
-                        if stage_label(&fired.before) == stage_label(&fired.after) {
-                            continue;
-                        }
-                        let line = format_audit_entry(&fired);
-                        buf.lock().await.push(line);
-                    }
-                    Err(tokio::sync::broadcast::error::RecvError::Lagged(n)) => {
-                        slog!("[matrix-bot] pipeline event buffer lagged by {n} events");
-                    }
-                    Err(tokio::sync::broadcast::error::RecvError::Closed) => break,
-                }
-            }
-        });
-    }
-
-    // Subscribe to gateway-side status events and buffer compact audit lines for
-    // the LLM context.
-    //
-    // Investigation log (story 1078) — hypotheses ruled out:
-    //   (A) gateway_event_rx is None: impossible — spawn_gateway_bot always passes
-    //       Some(state.event_tx.clone()) in gateway mode (gateway/mod.rs:130).
-    //   (B) recv() never returns: buf task uses the ORIGINAL event_rx (subscribed
-    //       before Matrix init) so any events buffered during init are visible;
-    //       future events arrive normally via the shared broadcast channel.
-    //   (C) Different Arc: buf and ctx.pending_gateway_events are both clones of
-    //       the same Arc<TokioMutex<Vec<String>>> — writes in the buf task are
-    //       immediately visible to handle_message.
-    //   (D) format_drained_events empty on non-empty input: the function is
-    //       pure/tested; the drain slog in handle_message now makes the count
-    //       observable so we can confirm it is non-zero when events arrive.
-    //
-    // Bug fixed here: previously the buffer task held `event_rx.resubscribe()`,
-    // which starts at the *current tail* (next unsent message) and silently
-    // discards every event that arrived during the Matrix login / room-join /
-    // cross-signing phase (~5–30 s window).  The forwarder now gets the
-    // resubscribed receiver (only needs live events going forward); the buffer
-    // task holds the original `event_rx` so it drains the init-window backlog
-    // on first poll.
-    let pending_gateway_events: Arc<TokioMutex<Vec<String>>> =
-        Arc::new(TokioMutex::new(Vec::new()));
-    let gateway_event_rx_for_forwarder = if let Some(event_rx) = gateway_event_rx {
-        // The forwarder only needs live (future) events — resubscribe is fine.
-        let forwarder_rx = event_rx.resubscribe();
-        // Buffer task: hold the *original* receiver so init-window events are
-        // not lost.  Silently accumulate compact audit lines for Timmy's context.
-        {
-            use crate::service::gateway::polling::format_gateway_audit_line;
-            let buf = Arc::clone(&pending_gateway_events);
-            slog!("[matrix-bot] subscribed to gateway events; buffer task starting");
-            tokio::spawn(async move {
-                let mut rx = event_rx;
-                loop {
-                    match rx.recv().await {
-                        Ok(event) => {
-                            slog!(
-                                "[matrix-bot] buffered audit line for project={} id={}",
-                                event.project,
-                                event.event.timestamp_ms()
-                            );
-                            let line = format_gateway_audit_line(&event.project, &event.event);
-                            buf.lock().await.push(line);
-                        }
-                        Err(tokio::sync::broadcast::error::RecvError::Lagged(n)) => {
-                            slog!("[matrix-bot] gateway event buffer lagged by {n} events");
-                        }
-                        Err(tokio::sync::broadcast::error::RecvError::Closed) => break,
-                    }
-                }
-            });
-        }
-        Some(forwarder_rx)
-    } else {
-        None
-    };
+    // The forwarder only needs live (future) events — resubscribe is fine.
+    // Pipeline-transition context is now delivered to the LLM via
+    // `assemble_prompt_context` (CRDT event log) rather than these in-memory
+    // buffers, so the buffer tasks are gone; only the forwarder remains.
+    let gateway_event_rx_for_forwarder = gateway_event_rx.map(|rx| rx.resubscribe());
 
     let ctx = BotContext {
         services,
@@ -405,8 +323,6 @@ pub async fn run_bot(
         gateway_active_project,
         gateway_project_urls,
         gateway_projects_store,
-        pending_pipeline_events,
-        pending_gateway_events,
         handled_incoming_event_ids: Arc::new(TokioMutex::new(super::context::SeenEventIds::new(
             super::context::SEEN_EVENT_IDS_CAP,
         ))),
@@ -626,89 +542,4 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(steps[2], 20);
         assert_eq!(steps[3], 40);
     }
-
-    /// Regression test (story 1078): gateway broadcast events must reach
-    /// `pending_gateway_events` and produce an `audit ts=…` line in the
-    /// `format_drained_events` output that is prepended to Timmy's prompt.
-    ///
-    /// The test spins up a mock `event_tx` broadcaster, sends one
-    /// `StageTransition` event, lets the buffer task process it, drains the
-    /// buffer, and asserts the result contains the expected audit prefix.
-    #[tokio::test]
-    async fn gateway_buffer_task_injects_audit_line_into_context() {
-        use super::super::messages::format_drained_events;
-        use crate::service::events::StoredEvent;
-        use crate::service::gateway::GatewayStatusEvent;
-        use crate::service::gateway::polling::format_gateway_audit_line;
-
-        let (event_tx, event_rx) = tokio::sync::broadcast::channel::<GatewayStatusEvent>(16);
-
-        // pending_gateway_events shared between buffer task and drain site.
-        let pending: Arc<TokioMutex<Vec<String>>> = Arc::new(TokioMutex::new(Vec::new()));
-
-        // Spawn a minimal buffer task — same logic as run_bot uses.
-        {
-            let buf = Arc::clone(&pending);
-            tokio::spawn(async move {
-                let mut rx = event_rx;
-                loop {
-                    match rx.recv().await {
-                        Ok(event) => {
-                            let line = format_gateway_audit_line(&event.project, &event.event);
-                            buf.lock().await.push(line);
-                        }
-                        Err(tokio::sync::broadcast::error::RecvError::Lagged(_)) => {}
-                        Err(tokio::sync::broadcast::error::RecvError::Closed) => break,
-                    }
-                }
-            });
-        }
-
-        // Send one stage-transition event, as a project node would.
-        let evt = GatewayStatusEvent {
-            project: "huskies".to_string(),
-            event: StoredEvent::StageTransition {
-                story_id: "42_story_feat".to_string(),
-                story_name: String::new(),
-                from_stage: "2_current".to_string(),
-                to_stage: "3_qa".to_string(),
-                timestamp_ms: 1_000_000,
-            },
-        };
-        let receivers = event_tx.send(evt).unwrap_or(0);
-        assert!(
-            receivers > 0,
-            "event must have at least one active receiver"
-        );
-
-        // Wait for the buffer task to process the event.
-        let deadline = std::time::Instant::now() + std::time::Duration::from_secs(2);
-        loop {
-            if !pending.lock().await.is_empty() {
-                break;
-            }
-            assert!(
-                std::time::Instant::now() < deadline,
-                "buffer task did not receive the event within 2 s"
-            );
-            tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
-        }
-
-        // Drain and format — mirrors what handle_message does.
-        let lines: Vec<String> = pending.lock().await.drain(..).collect();
-        let prefix = format_drained_events(lines);
-
-        assert!(
-            prefix.contains("audit ts="),
-            "prompt prefix must contain 'audit ts='; got: {prefix}"
-        );
-        assert!(
-            prefix.contains("project=huskies"),
-            "prompt prefix must name the project; got: {prefix}"
-        );
-        assert!(
-            prefix.starts_with("<system-reminder>\n"),
-            "prefix must open with <system-reminder>; got: {prefix}"
-        );
-    }
 }
diff --git a/server/src/chat/transport/slack/commands/llm.rs b/server/src/chat/transport/slack/commands/llm.rs
index 32c2a5c8..d10834dc 100644
--- a/server/src/chat/transport/slack/commands/llm.rs
+++ b/server/src/chat/transport/slack/commands/llm.rs
@@ -29,8 +29,11 @@ pub(super) async fn handle_llm_message(
     };
 
     let bot_name = &ctx.services.bot_name;
+    let event_ctx = crate::llm_session::assemble_prompt_context(
+        resume_session_id.as_deref().unwrap_or(channel),
+    );
     let prompt = format!(
-        "[Your name is {bot_name}. Refer to yourself as {bot_name}, not Claude.]\n\n{user}: {user_message}"
+        "{event_ctx}[Your name is {bot_name}. Refer to yourself as {bot_name}, not Claude.]\n\n{user}: {user_message}"
     );
 
     let provider = ClaudeCodeProvider::new();
diff --git a/server/src/chat/transport/whatsapp/commands/llm.rs b/server/src/chat/transport/whatsapp/commands/llm.rs
index 76973ba6..6f43b7be 100644
--- a/server/src/chat/transport/whatsapp/commands/llm.rs
+++ b/server/src/chat/transport/whatsapp/commands/llm.rs
@@ -27,8 +27,10 @@ pub(super) async fn handle_llm_message(
     };
 
     let bot_name = &ctx.services.bot_name;
+    let event_ctx =
+        crate::llm_session::assemble_prompt_context(resume_session_id.as_deref().unwrap_or(sender));
     let prompt = format!(
-        "[Your name is {bot_name}. Refer to yourself as {bot_name}, not Claude.]\n\n{sender}: {user_message}"
+        "{event_ctx}[Your name is {bot_name}. Refer to yourself as {bot_name}, not Claude.]\n\n{sender}: {user_message}"
     );
 
     let provider = ClaudeCodeProvider::new();
diff --git a/server/src/llm/chat/run.rs b/server/src/llm/chat/run.rs
index 8c8dc2c6..9de4d72f 100644
--- a/server/src/llm/chat/run.rs
+++ b/server/src/llm/chat/run.rs
@@ -139,6 +139,14 @@ where
     let received_at = Utc::now().format("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ").to_string();
     inject_received_at(&mut messages, &received_at);
 
+    // Assemble CRDT pipeline-transition events once per turn and advance the
+    // high-water mark.  Uses the Claude Code session_id when available so the
+    // same event stream key is used for resumable sessions; falls back to
+    // "web-ui" for Anthropic/Ollama turns which have no persistent session.
+    let event_ctx = crate::llm_session::assemble_prompt_context(
+        config.session_id.as_deref().unwrap_or("web-ui"),
+    );
+
     let _ = state.cancel_tx.send(false);
     let mut cancel_rx = state.cancel_rx.clone();
     cancel_rx.borrow_and_update();
@@ -177,10 +185,14 @@ where
         // would be lost because Claude Code only receives a single prompt
         // string.  In that case, prepend the conversation history so the LLM
         // retains full context even though the session cannot be resumed.
+        // In both cases, prepend any pending CRDT pipeline-transition events.
         let user_message = if config.session_id.is_some() {
-            latest_user_content
+            format!("{event_ctx}{latest_user_content}")
         } else {
-            build_claude_code_context_prompt(&messages, &latest_user_content)
+            format!(
+                "{event_ctx}{}",
+                build_claude_code_context_prompt(&messages, &latest_user_content)
+            )
         };
 
         let project_root = state
@@ -233,6 +245,14 @@ where
         &[]
     };
 
+    // Prepend pipeline-transition events to the last user message so Anthropic
+    // and Ollama providers also receive the CRDT context on every turn.
+    if !event_ctx.is_empty()
+        && let Some(msg) = messages.iter_mut().rev().find(|m| m.role == Role::User)
+    {
+        msg.content = format!("{event_ctx}{}", msg.content);
+    }
+
     let mut current_history = messages.clone();
 
     // Build the system prompt — append onboarding instructions when the
diff --git a/server/src/service/gateway/polling.rs b/server/src/service/gateway/polling.rs
index 5dfac222..a963b06a 100644
--- a/server/src/service/gateway/polling.rs
+++ b/server/src/service/gateway/polling.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 //! with `[project-name]` prefixes. The actual I/O (HTTP polling, spawning
 //! tasks, sending messages) lives in `io.rs`.
 
-use crate::pipeline_state::{Stage, stage_label};
+use crate::pipeline_state::Stage;
 use crate::service::events::StoredEvent;
 use crate::service::notifications::{
     format_blocked_notification, format_error_notification, format_stage_notification,
@@ -56,7 +56,9 @@ pub fn format_gateway_event(project_name: &str, event: &StoredEvent) -> (String,
 ///
 /// Produces a structured one-line entry with stable `key=value` fields, including
 /// the project name, mirroring the sled-side `format_audit_entry` format.
+#[cfg(test)]
 pub fn format_gateway_audit_line(project: &str, event: &StoredEvent) -> String {
+    use crate::pipeline_state::stage_label;
     let ts_ms = event.timestamp_ms();
     let ts = chrono::DateTime::from_timestamp_millis(ts_ms as i64)
         .unwrap_or_else(chrono::Utc::now)